Unit 1 : Mathematical Methods
Vector fields: Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate systems – Expressions for gradient,divergence, curl and Laplacian- Linear vector spaces: Linear independence, basis, dimension,inner product – Schwartz inequality – Orthonormal basis – Gram – Schmidt orthogonalization process –Linear operators – Representation of vectors and operators in a basis – Matrix theory – Cayley - Hamilton theorem – Inverse of a matrix – Diagonalisation of matrices – Operational methods: Laplace transforms – Solution of linear differential equations with constant coefficients – Fourier integral –Fourier transforms – Convolution theorems – Applications – Complex variables: Analytic function – Cauchy – Riemann conditions – Singular points - Multivalued function and branch points – Cauchy’s integral theorem and formula – Taylor’s and Laurentz’s expansions - Residue theorem and its applications.
Unit 2 : Classical Mechanics and Relativity
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations – Newton’s equations and conservation laws for a system of particles – D’Almebert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations of motion –Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equation of motion – Application: Two-body central force problem – Scattering by central potential, two particle scattering – Cross section in Lab system-Small oscillations - Transformation to normal coordinates and frequencies of normal modes - Mechanics of rigid bodies: Angular momentum and kinetic energy – Moment of inertia tensor – Euler angels – Euler’s equation of motion – Torque free motion – Symmetric top – Wave motion – Phase velocity - Group velocity – Dispersion – Relativity: Special theory of relativity – Lorentz transformation – Addition of velocities – Mass - energy equivalence.
Unit 3: Quantum Theory and its Applications
Basic principles: Wave – particle duality –Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – Postulates of quantum mechanics - Interpretation of wave function – Schordinger’s wave equation and its application to particle in a box- Harmonic oscillator- tunneling through a barrier – Motion in central field potential: Hydrogen atom –angular momentum and spherical harmonics –Addition of two angular momenta – Approximate methods: Time independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate case – application to anharmonic oscillator – time dependent perturbation theory – Fermi’s golden rule - Scattering theory: Scattering amplitude – cross section – Born approximation – Partial wave analysis – Identical particles and spin –Symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions – Representation theory – Coordinate and momentum representations.
Unit 4: Electromagnetic Theory
Electrostatics – Laplace and Poisson equations – Boundary value problems – Magnetostatics – Ampere’s theorem - Biot- Savart law – Electromagnetic induction – Maxwell’s equations in free space and in linear isotropic media – Boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces -Scalar and vector potentials – Gauge invariance – Electromagnetic waves - Reflection,refraction, dispersion, interference, diffraction and polarization - Electrodynamics of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields – Radiation from moving charges and from a dipole - Retarded potential.
Unit 5 : Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences – Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s relations – Chemical potential and phase equilibria – Phase space, microstates and macrostates - Partition function – Free energy and its connection with thermodynamic quantities – Classical and quantum statistics - Degenerate electron gas - Black body radiation and Planck’s distribution law – Bose – Einstein condensation – Einstein and Debye models for lattice specific heat.
Unit 6 : Atomic and Molecular Physics
Quantum states of an electron in an atom – Hydrogen atom spectrum – Electron spin –Stern-Gerlach experiment – Spin - orbit coupling – Fine structure – Relativistic correction –Spectroscopic terms and selection rules - Hyperfine structure- Exchange symmetry of wave functions –Pauli’s exclusion principle - Periodic table – Alkali-type spectra - LS and JJ coupling – Zeeman, Paschen –Back and Stark effects – X-rays and Auger transitions -Compton effect – Principles of ESR, NMR - Molecular Physics: Covalent, ionic and Vander Waal’s interactions – Rotation/vibration spectra – Raman spectra – Selection rules - Nuclear
spin and intensity alternation – Isotopic effects – Electronic states of diatomic molecules –Frank –Condon principle – Lasers: Spontaneous and stimulated emission – Optical pumping – Population inversion - Coherence (temporal and spatial) – Simple description of ammonia maser – co2 and He-Ne lasers.
Unit 7 : Condensed Matter Physics
Crystal classes and systems – 2d and 3d lattices – Bonding in common crystal structures –Reciprocal lattice – Diffraction and structure factor - Elementary ideas about point defects and dislocations – Lattice vibrations – Phonons – Specific heat of solids – Free electron theory – Fermi statistics – Heat capacity – Electron motion in periodic potential – Energy bands in metals, insulators and semiconductors – Tight binding approximation – Impurity level in doped semiconductors – Electronic transport from classical kinetic theory – Electrical and thermal conductivities – Hall effect and thermoelectric power – transport in semiconductors – Dielectrics – Polarization mechanism – Clausius - Mossotti equation –Piezo, pyro and ferroelectricity – Dia and paramagnetism – Exchange interactions –Magnetic ordering : ferro, antiferro and ferrimagnetism – Superconductivity: Basic phenomenology – Meissner effect – Type 1 and Type 2 superconductors – BCS pairing mechanism.
Unit 8 : Nuclear and Particle Physics
Basic nuclear properties – Size, shape, charge distribution, spin and parity – binding energy – empirical mass formula - liquid drop model – Nuclear forces - Elements of two – body problem – Charge independence and charge symmetry of nuclear forces - Evidence of nuclear shell structure – Single particle shell model – Its validity and limitations – Collective model – Interactions of charged particles and e.m.rays with matter – Basic principles of particle detectors – Ionization chamber – Proportional counter – GM counter – Scintillation and semiconductor detectors – Radioactive decays: Basic theoretical understanding –Nuclear reactions – Elementary ideas of reaction mechanism – Compound nucleus and direct reactions – Elementary ideas of fission and fusion – Particle Physics: Symmetries and Conservation laws –Classification of fundamental forces and elementary particles – Iso-spin – Strangeness- Gell-Mann Nishijima formula – Quark model – C.P.T.invariance in different interactions – Parity nonconservation in weak interaction.
Unit 9: Electronics
Physics of p-n junction – Diode as a circuit element – Clipping – Clamping – Rectification –Zener regulated power supply – Transistor as a circuit element -CC,CB and CE configuration – Transistor as a switch, OR, AND, NOT gates – Feedback amplifiers – Operational amplifiers and its applications – Inverting, non-inverting amplifiers – Adder – Subtractor – Integrator – Differentiator – Waveform generator – Comparator –
Schmidt trigger – Digital integrated circuits – NAND and NOR gates as building blocks – X -OR gate – Simple combinational circuits – Half and full adder – Flip-flop –Shift register –Counters – Basic principles of A/D and D/A converters- Simple applications of A/D and D/A converters – Microprocessor 8085: Architecture – Addressing modes – Instruction sets –Simple programming.
Unit 10 : Experimental Physics
Measurement of fundamental constants: e, h, c – Measurement of high and low resistances,L and C – Detection of X-rays, gamma rays, charged, particles, neutrons etc – lionization chamber – proportional counter –GM counter – Scintillation detectors – Solid state detectors – Emission and absorption spectroscopy – Measurement of magnetic field. Hall effect – Magnetoresistance – X-ray and neutron diffraction – Vacuum techniques – Basic idea of conductance – Pumping speed etc- Pumps: Mechanical pump – Diffusion pump –Gauges: Thermocouple – Penning – Pirani – Hot cathode – Low temperature: cooling a sample over a range upto 4 K and measurement of temperature – Error analysis and hypothesis testing – Propagation of errors – Plotting of graph - Distributions – Least squares fitting - Criteria for goodness of fits – Chi square test.
